Well placement fundamentals pdf

The organization or individuals who construct the well may need to advise the Water Committee, but the policies are determined by the community. In a variation of the above approach, the local constructors of the well and the community may agree on a service contract where the constructors provide maintenance and repair of the pump for a monthly fee.

The Water Committee collects this fee from the users of the well. This arrangement guarantees the community a fixed cost for their water supply and gives the local constructor a regular income. The constructor has a strong incentive to perform routine maintenance on the pump, since that will reduce the need for expensive repairs. In this case, the community contracts the responsibility for well maintenance to the property owner, who charges for that service.

He keeps the pump working and the people pay a reasonable fee for the water. He is running a small-scale water utility. Any contractual agreements are between the property owner and the community. In some communities it may be difficult for the leaders to impose any kind of fees, so this arrangement gets around that problem.

The people of the community are given a choice; they can either pay for safe water or get contaminated water for free. If the fee is based on water usage, then people will tend to use the safe water for drinking and cooking, and use other sources for washing and activities where water quality is not critical. Community decisions concerning well ownership and community use of the well play an important role in deciding the best location for a well site. Make a Site Map. There may be a large number of latrines in a community, plus many other environmental and cultural factors to consider.

Selecting a well site can be very difficult. It often involves making a trade-off between conflicting goals. Start from the preferred well site location; this is usually suggested by community leaders or property owner. Walk around the well site looking for possible sources of contamination within 10, 20, and 30 meters of the well. If the soil is gravel and the water table high, you may need to search for contamination sources as far away as meters away.

Make a simple sketch of what you find. The map does not have to be exact. Measure distances from the well site for each source of contamination you find. Take topography into account because it influences the direction of groundwater flow. If you find a source of contamination too close to the proposed well site, then discuss the problem with the community leaders or property owner.

Help them consider a better well site. Work with them to find the best place for the new well, given the restrictions of the environmental and cultural factors. Remember that finding the best well site often requires tact and compromise. Introduction to Groundwater. Groundwater Sources. Locating Groundwater. Manual Well Digging. Mechanized Well Drilling. Proper Well Construction. Pump Pad Construction. Basics of Mixing Concrete. Well Disinfection. To determine the minimum safe separation distance between latrine and well we need to know three things: 1.

Direction the groundwater is moving. Distance between the bottom of the latrine and the water table. Type of soil between the bottom of the latrine and the water table. Groundwater Flow Direction If groundwater flow direction is known, it is best to place the well up-gradient from a latrine, so that contamination moves away from the well. In The Case of a Deep Water Table If the water table is at least 5 meters below the bottom of the latrine, most contamination will be removed before it reaches the groundwater if: 1.

Well Placement Fundamentals provides a reference for petrotechnical experts involved in the real-time positioning of wellbores using LWD data and geological criteria. Chapters on geology, drilling, MWD, and LWD provide the fundamental cross-domain knowledge required for successful well placement operations. The three techniques of well placement—model-compare-update, real-time dip determination, and remote boundary detection—are detailed along with several case studies demonstrating the impact of appropriate application of well placement technology, process and petrotechnical expertise.

The book is intended for distribution to clients to help explain our services and techniques, as precourse reading for students attending well placement training, and as a reference for those interested in productive drilling. Data: Any type of instructions and programs in the computer are kept in the form of numbers which can be read and stored.

Input: In order to process the computer or operate any software, we need to give input to the computer, it takes the input data in an organized way and processes them one after the other in the computer. To save the data and store it safely, a storage unit is required where the data is stored permanently.

The storage unit performs the following major functions:. Some operations are required to perform any task, these operations are arithmetic and logical operations, these operations are called processing. CPU processes the data and instructions from the storage unit and according to the instructions given, the data is provided to us, which is then sent back to the storage unit.

When we give any kind of instruction or input to the computer, it processes them and generates a result and output.

All this output is stored in the storage unit before it is shown to us and is visible to us in a human-readable form. Controlling of all operations like input, processing and output are performed by the control unit. It takes care of step-by-step processing of all operations inside the computer. Computer Fundamentals Notes PDF links have been given for you in this post, I hope you see those links also important because inside those posts very important information has been given for you, friends, if you face any kind of problem, then you can contact us.

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